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How to store a file in the database? I want attach photos to items.

You should create catalog and attribute in it with type ValueStorage.

OK, I've did so but I can not place attribute of this type on a form. It is written in Type column: Not available in form data...

First you need to use PutFile function to send a file from client to server and pass a string with storage address to GetFile function at server to retrieve it from temp storage.
Next you need to pack it into ValueStorage type attribute and write a container object.

&AtClient
Procedure LoadFile(Command)
   StorageName = "";
   FileName = Object.FileName;
   PutFile(StorageName, FileName, FileName, True, UUID);
   LoadFileServer(StorageName);
EndProcedure


&AtServer
Procedure LoadFileServer(StorageName)
   ObjectValue = FormDataToValue(Object, Type("CatalogObject.StoredFiles"));
   ObjectValue.Data = New ValueStorage(GetFromTempStorage(StorageName));
   ObjectValue.Write();
   ValueToFormData(ObjectValue, Object);
EndProcedure