Does anyone have experience working with cloud providers that have pre-installed 1C:Enterprise platform:
https://www.cloudhosting.lv/eng/1C-dedicated-server  
https://cloud.yandex.com/en/marketplace/products/wiseadvice/1c-enterprise-8-3
https://www.cloud4y.ru/en/cloud-services/1c-hosting/

Any other cloud providers have 1C platform pre-installed?

Hello Peter,

I would probably recommend using Yandex...

Is it possible to setup Application Server with Yandex and Database Server with another provider?

yes, you can use any virtual server at all for this.

The convenience of the above services is that you do not need to buy a license for 1C, you just rent it

But if you have a purchased license for 1C, then you can use any server that suits you.

Where do I specify IP-address of my database that I host with another provider?

Sorry, I didn't understand your question...

When you host your 1C database on an external server, you publish it on a web server (IIS or Apache), and then connect to this database from the outside using the IP address (and port) on which the web server is running

My original question was:

Your answer was Yes, which implies that I can have code that controls my web application hosted with one provider (Yandex), and the database I can have hosted with another provider.
If this is really possible then somewhere in 1C:Enterprise Server, that will be hosted on Yandex, there should be some settings where I would specify IP-address for my database that I will host with another provider along with username and password to connect to that database.

so I misunderstood your question. If you use Yandex services, for example, then the database will be where Yandex itself wants.

How to create a service account on Yandex Cloud if I cannot receive text messages from Yandex in order to add my phone number into service account form?

Peter,

I think to resolve this issue you better contact Yandex support... Have you contacted them?

I solved this problem already through Windows VM.